9 Signs That You're The Evolution Site Expert
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The Academy's Evolution Site
The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those interested in the sciences understand evolution theory and how it is permeated across all areas of scientific research.
This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a range of learning resources on evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of all life. It is seen in a variety of cultures and spiritual beliefs as symbolizing unity and love. It has many practical applications in addition to providing a framework to understand the history of species, and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.
Early attempts to represent the biological world were built on categorizing organisms based on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which relied on sampling of different parts of living organisms, or sequences of short DNA fragments, greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be represented in the tree of life2. These trees are largely composed by eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented3,4.
By avoiding the necessity for direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have enabled us to represent the Tree of Life in a much more accurate way. Trees can be constructed using molecular methods, such as the small-subunit ribosomal gene.
Despite the dramatic expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a lot of biodiversity remains to be discovered. This is particularly true for microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are typically only represented in a single sample5. A recent study of all known genomes has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life, 에볼루션코리아 including many bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated, and whose diversity is poorly understood6.
This expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if certain habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a range of ways, from identifying the most effective treatments to fight disease to enhancing the quality of crops. The information is also useful for conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species with potentially significant metabolic functions that could be vulnerable to anthropogenic change. While funding to protect biodiversity are important, the most effective method to protect the world's biodiversity is to equip the people of developing nations with the necessary knowledge to act locally and support conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny (also called an evolutionary tree) illustrates the relationship between organisms. Scientists can construct a phylogenetic chart that shows the evolutionary relationship of taxonomic groups based on molecular data and morphological differences or similarities. The phylogeny of a tree plays an important role in understanding genetics, biodiversity and evolution.
A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) identifies the relationships between organisms with similar traits that have evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits can be either homologous or 에볼루션게이밍 analogous. Homologous traits are similar in their underlying evolutionary path and analogous traits appear similar, but do not share the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping called a the clade. For example, all of the species in a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and 에볼루션 블랙잭 evolved from a common ancestor which had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree can be constructed by connecting clades to determine the organisms which are the closest to each other.
Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular data to create a phylogenetic chart that is more accurate and precise. This information is more precise than morphological information and provides evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to estimate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify how many species share the same ancestor.
The phylogenetic relationships between species are influenced by many factors including phenotypic plasticity, a type of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more like a species other species, which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. However, this issue can be solved through the use of techniques such as cladistics that combine similar and homologous traits into the tree.
Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and speed at which speciation takes place. This information can assist conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to save from extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create a complete and balanced ecosystem.
Evolutionary Theory
The central theme of evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time due to their interactions with their surroundings. A variety of theories about evolution have been proposed by a wide range of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve slowly according to its needs as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy, 에볼루션코리아 as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits causes changes that can be passed onto offspring.
In the 1930s and 1940s, theories from a variety of fields--including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance - came together to form the current evolutionary theory, which defines how evolution occurs through the variation of genes within a population and how those variations change in time due to natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is a cornerstone of modern evolutionary biology and is mathematically described.
Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown that genetic variation can be introduced into a species via mutation, genetic drift, and reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction, and also by migration between populations. These processes, along with others such as directional selection or genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of a genotype over time) can lead to evolution, which is defined by change in the genome of the species over time and also the change in phenotype over time (the expression of that genotype in an individual).
Students can gain a better understanding of phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance demonstrated that teaching about the evidence that supports evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college-level biology course. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, 에볼루션코리아 look up The Evolutionary Potential of All Areas of Biology and 에볼루션 룰렛 Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing the Concept of Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past--analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. Evolution is not a distant moment; it is an ongoing process. The virus reinvents itself to avoid new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals alter their behavior because of the changing environment. The changes that occur are often apparent.
It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was also in action. The key is that different traits have different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be transferred from one generation to the next.
In the past, when one particular allele - the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a group of interbreeding organisms, it might quickly become more prevalent than the other alleles. Over time, that would mean the number of black moths in the population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to observe evolutionary change when a species, such as bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, 에볼루션바카라사이트 has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. Samples from each population have been taken frequently and 무료 에볼루션 more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.
Lenski's work has demonstrated that a mutation can profoundly alter the efficiency with which a population reproduces and, consequently, the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time--a fact that many find hard to accept.
Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations that have used insecticides. This is because the use of pesticides creates a pressure that favors those with resistant genotypes.
The speed of evolution taking place has led to an increasing recognition of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activities, including climate change, pollution and the loss of habitats that prevent the species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make smarter decisions regarding the future of our planet, as well as the life of its inhabitants.
The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those interested in the sciences understand evolution theory and how it is permeated across all areas of scientific research.
This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a range of learning resources on evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.Tree of Life
The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of all life. It is seen in a variety of cultures and spiritual beliefs as symbolizing unity and love. It has many practical applications in addition to providing a framework to understand the history of species, and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.
Early attempts to represent the biological world were built on categorizing organisms based on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which relied on sampling of different parts of living organisms, or sequences of short DNA fragments, greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be represented in the tree of life2. These trees are largely composed by eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented3,4.
By avoiding the necessity for direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have enabled us to represent the Tree of Life in a much more accurate way. Trees can be constructed using molecular methods, such as the small-subunit ribosomal gene.
Despite the dramatic expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a lot of biodiversity remains to be discovered. This is particularly true for microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are typically only represented in a single sample5. A recent study of all known genomes has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life, 에볼루션코리아 including many bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated, and whose diversity is poorly understood6.
This expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if certain habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a range of ways, from identifying the most effective treatments to fight disease to enhancing the quality of crops. The information is also useful for conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species with potentially significant metabolic functions that could be vulnerable to anthropogenic change. While funding to protect biodiversity are important, the most effective method to protect the world's biodiversity is to equip the people of developing nations with the necessary knowledge to act locally and support conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny (also called an evolutionary tree) illustrates the relationship between organisms. Scientists can construct a phylogenetic chart that shows the evolutionary relationship of taxonomic groups based on molecular data and morphological differences or similarities. The phylogeny of a tree plays an important role in understanding genetics, biodiversity and evolution.
A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) identifies the relationships between organisms with similar traits that have evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits can be either homologous or 에볼루션게이밍 analogous. Homologous traits are similar in their underlying evolutionary path and analogous traits appear similar, but do not share the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping called a the clade. For example, all of the species in a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and 에볼루션 블랙잭 evolved from a common ancestor which had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree can be constructed by connecting clades to determine the organisms which are the closest to each other.
Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular data to create a phylogenetic chart that is more accurate and precise. This information is more precise than morphological information and provides evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to estimate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify how many species share the same ancestor.
The phylogenetic relationships between species are influenced by many factors including phenotypic plasticity, a type of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more like a species other species, which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. However, this issue can be solved through the use of techniques such as cladistics that combine similar and homologous traits into the tree.
Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and speed at which speciation takes place. This information can assist conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to save from extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create a complete and balanced ecosystem.
Evolutionary Theory
The central theme of evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time due to their interactions with their surroundings. A variety of theories about evolution have been proposed by a wide range of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve slowly according to its needs as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy, 에볼루션코리아 as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits causes changes that can be passed onto offspring.
In the 1930s and 1940s, theories from a variety of fields--including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance - came together to form the current evolutionary theory, which defines how evolution occurs through the variation of genes within a population and how those variations change in time due to natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is a cornerstone of modern evolutionary biology and is mathematically described.
Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown that genetic variation can be introduced into a species via mutation, genetic drift, and reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction, and also by migration between populations. These processes, along with others such as directional selection or genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of a genotype over time) can lead to evolution, which is defined by change in the genome of the species over time and also the change in phenotype over time (the expression of that genotype in an individual).
Students can gain a better understanding of phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance demonstrated that teaching about the evidence that supports evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college-level biology course. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, 에볼루션코리아 look up The Evolutionary Potential of All Areas of Biology and 에볼루션 룰렛 Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing the Concept of Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past--analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. Evolution is not a distant moment; it is an ongoing process. The virus reinvents itself to avoid new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals alter their behavior because of the changing environment. The changes that occur are often apparent.
It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was also in action. The key is that different traits have different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be transferred from one generation to the next.
In the past, when one particular allele - the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a group of interbreeding organisms, it might quickly become more prevalent than the other alleles. Over time, that would mean the number of black moths in the population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to observe evolutionary change when a species, such as bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, 에볼루션바카라사이트 has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. Samples from each population have been taken frequently and 무료 에볼루션 more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.
Lenski's work has demonstrated that a mutation can profoundly alter the efficiency with which a population reproduces and, consequently, the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time--a fact that many find hard to accept.
Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations that have used insecticides. This is because the use of pesticides creates a pressure that favors those with resistant genotypes.
The speed of evolution taking place has led to an increasing recognition of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activities, including climate change, pollution and the loss of habitats that prevent the species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make smarter decisions regarding the future of our planet, as well as the life of its inhabitants.
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