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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes of living organisms can lead them to evolve over time. This includes the development of new species and 에볼루션바카라사이트 the alteration of the appearance of existing species.

This has been proven by numerous examples, including stickleback fish varieties that can be found in fresh or saltwater and walking stick insect varieties that have a preference for particular host plants. These mostly reversible traits permutations are not able to explain fundamental changes to the basic body plan.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living creatures that live on our planet for many centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection is the best-established explanation. This is because individuals who are better-adapted survive and reproduce more than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, a population of well adapted individuals grows and eventually forms a whole new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of three factors: variation, reproduction and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction both of which enhance the genetic diversity of an animal species. Inheritance is the term used to describe the transmission of a person's genetic traits, which include recessive and dominant genes, to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of producing fertile, viable offspring, which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all of these factors are in balance. If, for example, 에볼루션 무료체험 a dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and survive more than the recessive gene, then the dominant allele will become more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or reduces the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism that has an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce far more effectively than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring an organism can produce the better its fitness which is measured by its ability to reproduce itself and survive. People with good traits, like having a long neck in giraffes, or bright white patterns on male peacocks are more likely than others to survive and reproduce and eventually lead to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection is only a force for populations, not on individual organisms. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which states that animals acquire characteristics through use or disuse. For instance, if the giraffe's neck gets longer through stretching to reach for prey, its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The length difference between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck becomes too long to no longer breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, the alleles within a gene can attain different frequencies in a group due to random events. In the end, 에볼루션 사이트 one will attain fixation (become so common that it is unable to be eliminated by natural selection), while other alleles fall to lower frequency. In the extreme this, 에볼루션 바카라 무료 it leads to a single allele dominance. Other alleles have been essentially eliminated and heterozygosity has been reduced to zero. In a small number of people it could result in the complete elimination of recessive gene. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect. It is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs whenever a large number individuals migrate to form a group.

A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when survivors of a disaster such as an outbreak or mass hunting event are concentrated in the same area. The survivors will carry an allele that is dominant and will have the same phenotype. This could be caused by war, earthquakes, or even plagues. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct population that remains is prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a deviation from the expected values due to differences in fitness. They cite the famous example of twins that are genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However one is struck by lightning and dies, 에볼루션사이트 whereas the other is able to reproduce.

This kind of drift can play a crucial part in the evolution of an organism. It's not the only method of evolution. The main alternative is a process called natural selection, where the phenotypic diversity of an individual is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens claims that there is a vast difference between treating drift like a force or cause, and 에볼루션사이트 treating other causes like selection mutation and migration as forces and causes. Stephens claims that a causal process account of drift allows us distinguish it from other forces, 에볼루션사이트 and this distinction is essential. He also argues that drift is both direction, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size which is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

Students of biology in high school are often exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, often referred to as "Lamarckism is based on the idea that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms adopting traits that result from the use and abuse of an organism. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by an image of a giraffe that extends its neck further to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This would cause the longer necks of giraffes to be passed to their offspring, who would then grow even taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he presented a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate material through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this might be the case but he is widely seen as being the one who gave the subject its first general and comprehensive treatment.

The most popular story is that Charles Darwin's theory on natural selection and Lamarckism were competing in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually triumphed and led to the development of what biologists today call the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited and instead argues that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, including natural selection.

While Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries also spoke of this idea however, it was not a major feature in any of their evolutionary theories. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically validated.

It's been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth, and in the age genomics there is a growing body of evidence that supports the heritability-acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more generally epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is as reliable as the popular Neodarwinian model.

Evolution through Adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle for survival. This notion is not true and ignores other forces driving evolution. The struggle for survival is more precisely described as a fight to survive in a specific environment, which may include not just other organisms but also the physical environment itself.

To understand how evolution works it is important to think about what adaptation is. It refers to a specific feature that allows an organism to survive and reproduce within its environment. It could be a physical structure like fur or feathers. Or it can be a behavior trait, like moving towards shade during hot weather or moving out to avoid the cold at night.

The survival of an organism depends on its ability to draw energy from the environment and to interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism must have the right genes to create offspring, and must be able to find enough food and other resources. In addition, the organism should be capable of reproducing at a high rate within its environmental niche.

These factors, together with mutations and gene flow can result in a shift in the proportion of different alleles in the gene pool of a population. The change in frequency of alleles could lead to the development of novel traits and eventually, new species as time passes.

Many of the characteristics we find appealing in plants and animals are adaptations. For example lung or gills that extract oxygen from the air, fur and feathers as insulation and long legs to get away from predators, and camouflage to hide. However, a thorough understanding of adaptation requires a keen eye to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral traits.

Physical traits such as the thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. Behavior adaptations aren't an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek companionship or retreat into shade in hot temperatures. It is also important to keep in mind that insufficient planning does not cause an adaptation. A failure to consider the implications of a choice, even if it appears to be logical, can make it inflexible.