자유게시판

• 목록
• 게시판 리스트 옵션
  • 수정
  • 삭제

What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes of living organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species.

This is evident in many examples such as the stickleback fish species that can thrive in fresh or saltwater and walking stick insect species that prefer particular host plants. These mostly reversible trait permutations can't, however, explain fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The development of the myriad living organisms on Earth is a mystery that has fascinated scientists for centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection is the most well-known explanation. This is because people who are more well-adapted survive and reproduce more than those who are less well-adapted. As time passes, a group of well-adapted individuals increases and 에볼루션 게이밍 eventually creates a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three factors that are inheritance, variation and reproduction. Sexual reproduction and mutation increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the transfer of a person's genetic characteristics to their offspring that includes dominant and recessive alleles. Reproduction is the process of producing viable, fertile offspring. This can be done through sexual or asexual methods.

All of these elements must be in harmony to allow natural selection to take place. For instance the case where an allele that is dominant at one gene allows an organism to live and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele, the dominant allele will be more prominent in the population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or decreases the fertility of the population, it will disappear. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism with a beneficial characteristic can reproduce and survive longer than an individual with an unadaptive trait. The more offspring an organism can produce, the greater its fitness which is measured by its capacity to reproduce itself and live. People with desirable traits, like a long neck in Giraffes, or the bright white color patterns on male peacocks are more likely to others to survive and reproduce which eventually leads to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection is a factor in populations and not on individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory that states that animals acquire traits either through use or lack of use. For instance, if a animal's neck is lengthened by reaching out to catch prey and its offspring will inherit a longer neck. The differences in neck length between generations will continue until the giraffe's neck becomes too long to not breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles from a gene are randomly distributed in a group. In the end, 에볼루션사이트 one will attain fixation (become so common that it is unable to be removed through natural selection) and the other alleles drop to lower frequencies. This can result in dominance in the extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity decreases to zero. In a small population this could lead to the complete elimination of recessive gene. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect. It is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs whenever a large number individuals migrate to form a population.

A phenotypic bottleneck may occur when the survivors of a disaster such as an epidemic or a massive hunt, are confined into a small area. The remaining individuals will be mostly homozygous for the dominant allele, which means that they will all have the same phenotype, and consequently have the same fitness traits. This could be the result of a war, an earthquake or even a disease. The genetically distinct population, if it remains vulnerable to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens and Ariew employ Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any deviation from the expected values for different fitness levels. They cite the famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other continues to reproduce.

This type of drift can play a crucial role in the evolution of an organism. But, it's not the only method to progress. The most common alternative is a process known as natural selection, where phenotypic variation in a population is maintained by mutation and migration.

Stephens asserts that there is a significant distinction between treating drift as a force or as an underlying cause, and treating other causes of evolution, such as selection, mutation and migration as forces or causes. Stephens claims that a causal process explanation of drift permits us to differentiate it from these other forces, and this distinction is vital. He further argues that drift is both an orientation, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size that is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

When students in high school study biology they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is often referred to as "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms via the inheritance of characteristics which result from the natural activities of an organism, use and disuse. Lamarckism is illustrated through an giraffe's neck stretching to reach higher leaves in the trees. This would cause giraffes' longer necks to be passed to their offspring, 에볼루션 블랙잭 who would then become taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he introduced an innovative concept that completely challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. According to him, living things had evolved from inanimate matter via the gradual progression of events. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case, but the general consensus is that he was the one having given the subject its first general and comprehensive analysis.

The prevailing story is that Lamarckism was a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary natural selection, and both theories battled it out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies the possibility that acquired traits can be inherited and instead argues that organisms evolve through the selective action of environmental factors, including natural selection.

While Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries also spoke of this idea but it was not an integral part of any of their theories about evolution. This is partly due to the fact that it was never validated scientifically.

It's been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth and in the field of genomics, there is an increasing body of evidence that supports the heritability acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more often epigenetic inheritance. It is a version of evolution that is as relevant as the more popular Neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution through the process of adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle for survival. This notion is not true and ignores other forces driving evolution. The fight for survival can be more effectively described as a struggle to survive within a particular environment, which can involve not only other organisms, but also the physical environment.

To understand how evolution functions, it is helpful to think about what adaptation is. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows a living organism to live in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physiological structure, such as fur or feathers or a behavior such as a tendency to move to the shade during hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid cold.

The capacity of a living thing to extract energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism must have the right genes for producing offspring, and 에볼루션사이트 be able to find sufficient food and resources. Furthermore, the organism needs to be capable of reproducing itself at an optimal rate within its environment.

These elements, in conjunction with mutation and gene flow result in changes in the ratio of alleles (different forms of a gene) in the population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequencies can result in the emergence of new traits, and eventually new species.

A lot of the traits we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, such as lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to protect themselves long legs to run away from predators and camouflage to hide. To comprehend adaptation, it is important to discern between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physical traits such as thick fur and gills are physical traits. Behavior adaptations aren't an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek companionship or retreat into shade in hot weather. Furthermore it is important to understand that lack of planning does not mean that something is an adaptation. A failure to consider the effects of a behavior even if it seems to be rational, may make it unadaptive.